When visiting Murchison Falls National Park (MFNP), you can’t help but be swept away by the park’s vastness, its beauty, and its wildness. While conceptualizing such things it is logical that we look at it through our own perspective (through a human-eye viewpoint), appreciating this wildness from the protection of a large safari truck with conveniences including water and snacks as well as advanced-sensing equipment in the form of a Canon camera or a pair of Nikon binoculars. But what is more interesting to me is to examine this very same landscape through the eyes of a non-human animal. What would my experience be like if, for instance, I was a lion? What would I feel when roaming the lands of MFNP? How would I use my senses of smell, of touch, and of sight to full advantage? How would I decide where I wanted to go, where I wanted to hunt, where I wanted to satisfy the yearnings of my own genetic code? These are the questions that interest me as a scientist and those that my laboratory (RECaP) engages, as we use scientific research as a vehicle for generating conservation solutions.

​Embodying the perspective of the study species is relatively counter-cultural in the sciences. Standard wildlife scientific training tends to extinguish student inquiry into individual animal perceptions (that can be left to animal behaviorists). The tendency is to teach at the level of the population rather than the level of the individual. Why is that? There are a multitude of reasons, but a predominant one is that it is far easier to make hard decisions about individual animals if it done for the greater good of the population. We kill animals of an invasive species so that we preserve populations of native species. We cull individual animals so that the population can hit our predetermined abundance targets. We put GPS collars on a sub-sample of animals, and it must be greatly annoying if not compromising to wear a collar around one’s neck, so that we can understand how the population might respond to certain factors. If these actions are done for the greater good, then we as scientists can justify the sacrifices that we make individual animals endure and perhaps, sleep a bit better at night. In RECaP, we believe that you cannot conduct applied conservation work without considering the ethical and moral dimensions of the individual within this individual animal versus population-level paradigm. We believe that inquiry into the behavior and experience of individual animals is precisely how we gain insight into the requirements of the population. In this way, envisioning how an individual animal elects to live its life is immensely valuable.

On this particular day, Tutilo and I are making our way through the territory of the Delta Pride of lions driving in the RECaP Toyota LandCruiser. With the African sun high overhead repainting the scene in sepia tones, my mind ruminates on one fundamental question. What must it be like for a lion to roam a landscape littered with wire snares? Wire snares are illegal wildlife traps built from the innards of disused vehicle tires. The structural integrity of certain tires is maintained by an inner skeleton of wire cables. These cables are braids of thin metal weaved together for strength and durability. Used tires are readily available as they accumulate in rubbish piles and garbage dumps where they remain largely forgotten along the roadsides of this world. But in the areas surrounding MFNP, these tires support poaching. The wires within the tires cannot be easily accessed. Cutting them out would be a laborious and impractical method. Instead, tires, which are part petroleum, burn easily producing a noxious black smoke. Eventually the tires smolder down to ash revealing the metal cables within. Men, and poaching is invariably an almost-exclusively male pursuit, gather as many wires as they can muster, load them into small wooden canoes, and paddle up the River Nile. Into MFNP they row searching for a location to make landfall while navigating waters that are both croc and hippo-infested. If the boat is tipped, the men will perish in the water. Those men that make it to land can be subsequently trampled by elephants or buffalo or attacked by a startled lion, leopard, or hyena. Even if the wildlife are not a problem, the men will have to contend with the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA). You see, these lands are very-capably patrolled by UWA rangers. Clearly, the risks associated with poaching are numerous.

​Given these risks, why would anyone choose to engage in this pursuit? The decision to snare wildlife is one that is born out of an inherent tension. Citizens of the villages surrounding MFNP need protein which, in its domestic form, is both difficult to manage (how can you acquire land, cattle, and husbandry know-how from scratch) and expensive to acquire (prices can be out of reach for many people in these villages). While domestic animal protein is controlled by others (cattle owners and market sellers), wild animal protein is abundant as seen from peoples’ backyards directly across the Nile within the boundaries of a protected area with seemingly porous boundaries. Poaching can appear to be rewarding when options are limited and your family needs to be provided for. And so, the tension that exists within the need to find animal protein informs poaching. So now we appreciate, at least partially, the human condition associated with poaching in this landscape. Given the risks, one might ask why poachers would not instead hunt with a firearm. Wouldn’t that be easier? Yes, of course it would. But I would counter with the question; where could someone in these villages find a rifle or the ammunition necessary to use it? The reason why snares are the common technique used to poach in this region is because the materials necessary to participate are freely available.

​Once these men reach land they quickly locate a game trail, areas that wildlife use as super highways through the bush. They search for a sturdy tree to act as an anchor. They tie snares around the trunk laying the lassos of the wire along the game trails, concealed with vegetation. They repeat this process so that each tree might have as many as 10 or 20 snares, each diverging in a tangent off of the main tree trunk, like spokes off the hub of a wheel. There the snares sit, waiting to trap the leg of an unsuspecting animal that walks past. In this way, snares are indiscriminant killers. They are just as likely to capture a lion as they are a hartebeest. When the traps are set, the men wait. How can they remember where they put these traps, I wonder? It is not as if they are marking waypoints into a hand-held GPS unit. Undoubtedly, the locations of numerous snares can never be recalled and litter the MFNP landscape. Snares are landmines for wildlife with consequences that explode the moment that they are stepped on.

Back to the LandCruiser with Tutilo driving along the bumpy roads of MFNP and the mid-day sun encouraging an afternoon pumzika (Swahili word for ‘rest’). In a half-slumbering state I drift into a vivid day dream. In this day dream I am a Murchison lion. I am a young male who, perhaps earlier than I should have, challenged an older male and achieved alpha male status. This ascendance occurred just under 8 months ago. I am still trying to get comfortable as the commander of my pride, but I have several highly-supportive female lions and a litter of cubs of my very own. The cubs wake me early every morning desiring to play while the ambient temperature is still cool. This early in the morning I find the cubs to be simultaneously annoying and impossibly adorable. I engage with them, let them climb atop me, and then bowl them over and watch them tumble about in the dust of this dry earth. I yawn deeply and they clamber to grab my exposed tongue with their paws. They are cute, they are clever, they are mine. Without me these cubs wouldn’t stand a chance. Another male would take my place as alpha and instantly kill all pride cubs so as to return the females to estrus as soon as possible. Returning females to sexual-receptivity by killing young (infanticide) is one of the cruelest aspects of the natural world. In this way, I bear the weight of the cubs’ fate upon my shoulders. I must defend my territory, my family, and my cubs from rival males.

​A twig snaps and the cubs’ eyes shoot leftward. They realize that their mother is now rising and they scramble off to greet her, falling over each other along the way. I look across my territory to see the rising sun just clipping the horizon. The day is about to begin again. With another great yawn I elect to get up and mark my territory with the contents of my bladder. Off to my right is a tall acacia tree with a high trunk that is only obscured at the bottom by some grasses and scrubby woodland thicket. This will be a suitable signpost, reinforcing my dominance in these lands. I walk in that direction still half asleep. Another yawn and I gaze around proud of what I have accomplished. The cubs have found their mother and are harassing her just as they did to me only a few minutes ago. I can hear them squabbling over access to her affection. Five more strides to the tree now. Four, three, two… With that final step I feel something strangely cold against my leg, as if I have just stepped into the Nile. The feeling frightens me and I sprint away wishing to be free of this sensation. I get just 3 meters from the tree when the full power of my dash is shockingly halted. My body jerks to a stop with such force that my forearms and face slam down into the dirt. I can feel my rear left leg pulled sharply at a horribly-odd angle behind me. At that moment my body convulses with exquisite pain radiating from just below my left knee. Looking back to my leg I see a metal wire constricting itself around my leg slicing into my fur, slicing into my skin, my muscle, and my bone. I see the wire’s end, glinting in the light of the rising sun, attached to the acacia tree.

​With dread in my gut I realize that I am caught. My mind immediately turns to my cubs. Looking back at the 20 meters from which I have come, all excitement is gone in my cubs’ movements. They are now cowering beneath their mother’s legs, with shocked expressions on their faces. I can’t stand this. To be imprisoned against my will without committing an offense is unjust. I will not tolerate it. Intent to rip the tree from its foundation, if that is what it takes, I pull against the wire with all my might. I thrash about, running in a circle around the tree, trying to find a weakness in the wire, and trampling the undergrowth in the process. To my horror the tree does not budge and the pain only intensifies. I am in agony. I pass out momentarily due to the pain and awake with a lioness licking my face in an effort to revive me. I look into her eyes resigned to my fate. I know now that I will die in this snare. I can see my cubs hiding just over the hill with the other members of my pride. With me gone, the cubs will follow not long thereafter. The sobering reality is that a rival male will take my spot as the leader of the pride and the collateral damage of this one snare will reveal its true brutality when my offspring are killed as well. I am drifting in and out of consciousness. My last sensations are the sound of car engines and the sight of my pride fleeing over the hill, the females traveling swiftly into the cover of the dense thicket each of them with a cub in their mouth…

​Tutilo hits a pot hole and my temple connects with the crossbar of our LandCruiser. I am affected by the clarity, detail, and dreadfulness of my dream. Tutilo looks at me knowing that I am not right, “Yukosawa boss?” (‘are you ok?’). I answer yes, though I am, of course, lying through my teeth. I am not ok. In fact, I am far from it. Once you engage with the cruel reality that is the life of a lion living in snaring country, you cannot shake it. You see, this dream is not an apparition. It is the story of Butcherman, the young alpha male of the Delta pride in MFNP who was caught in a wire snare losing his left hind leg at the knee. The pothole made my dream incomplete. The full story involves Tutilo and UWA rangers in the seats of those vehicles arriving on site and finding Butcherman in a beleaguered state with a circular dirt track, created by his ferocious efforts to free himself, surrounding the tree where he was ensnared. The full story finds Tutilo being sprayed with Butcherman’s dark necrotic blood as the UWA vets conducted a field amputation of Butcherman’s lower leg. The full story includes Butcherman’s miraculous recovery, details his ability to relocate his pride, where the females helped him to regain his alpha male position, as he protected his cubs from infanticide for an unprecedented three years until he was toppled in December, 2015. The way in which Butcherman ruled for three years with just three legs is something of mythology. Butcherman is a lion of legend and Tutilo and I are devastated to think that this legend might be over.

We have failed to locate Butcherman on this trip. No one knows what has become of him and the trail has gone cold. His distinct three-legged tracks in the MFNP dirt seem to have vanished. Butcherman’s story underscores the severity of snaring in this landscape where victims are not just the lions that get caught, but their offspring as well. Is this why the population of lions in MFNP is smaller (~150 animals north of the Nile) than it ought to be given the area and the abundance of available prey. That remains to be quantified scientifically (the cornerstone of our work currently). Though we won’t concede this fact and give up the search, Butcherman may very well be lost. But Brenda, an old female lion with a dark scar encircling her neck, is still here. Raphael, an alpha male missing four toes on his left hind leg, is still here. And Pamela, a female lion missing her right forelimb, is still here. Despite Butcherman’s absence, snaring damage continues to be apparent in this landscape.

​RECaP Laboratory is not only diagnosing when and where snaring tends to occur, it is also working to develop innovative solutions to decrease the amount of snaring in this park. Via our ‘Snares to Wares Initiative’ we are working to empower Lost Boys – those individuals recruited into poaching at an impressionable age – to make an honest living as Crafts Boys in the local village of Pakwach. We develop predictive models that can identify hotspots of snaring in the landscape to prioritize snare removal. Via these activities we have stockpiles of confiscated wire snares. We bring these wires to the Crafts Boys of Pakwach who masterfully convert these agents of destruction into art. The Crafts Boys are working to sculpt the wire into statues of elephants, of giraffes, of leopards, and of lions – some of the species most affected by poaching in the wild – which are sold for profit in the market. This is but one example of the way in which in RECaP we are developing community-based conservation out of a foundation of cutting-edge science.

​We are not going to save lions by continuing to suggest that African people must change the way that they live their lives. Conservation of lions is not an issue that only affects people living on the edge of a protected area in Sub-Saharan Africa. No, the conservation of lions is an issue that affects all members of society including those living on the edge of a subdivision in middle-class middle-America. In this way, we must all change the way that we think, the way that we conceptualize a problem, and the way that we act to solve that problem. If you feel motivated to make a difference, we strongly encourage you to be a part of the solution and join RECaP in our Snares to Wares Initiative.

I enjoy what I do for a living. I am a professor of wildlife conservation at a fabulous university. To get to this point I have been both determined and lucky. I am one of those fortunate souls that has achieved a childhood ambition: to study wild animals in wild places. In this capacity, much of my adult life has been spent preparing for-, participating in-, and returning from- field work in distant parts of the world. These field opportunities have been, and still very much are, formative experiences for me. In the field I sharpen my research skillset, observe animals in their natural settings (i.e., not in computer simulations), and hope that I can describe some new or novel aspect of animal ecology which could positively benefit their conservation.

While a big part of me is nourished by fieldwork, another part of me breaks the moment I step aboard an international flight taking me away from my home, from my wife and daughter, and from the normal day-to-day life that my family and I cherish. I can’t seem to fix this ache. This is a feeling that I experience even during relatively short (1-3 weeks) trips abroad. Imagine what the emotions must be like for my African graduate students – Arthur Muneza and Tutilo Mudumba – when they elect to come to Michigan State University (MSU) to pursue graduate research training. The first time that Arthur, for instance, boarded a plane was when he came to MSU last autumn to initiate his M.S. degree. He stepped aboard that flight with the knowledge that he would not see his father or his brother again for at least 9 months. In August of this year Tutilo left Uganda, left his job, his home, his wife, and his two children to start his own graduate degree in RECaP. Try to conceptualize for a moment what Tutilo must have felt when taking off in that plane knowing that he would not hold his daughter’s hand or read a book to his son for at least 5 months.

My 5-year old daughter seems to manage my own absence far better than I do. She is the one that gives me the pep talks. Over a pancake breakfast this morning, for instance, she told me that “ the giraffes and lions need your help Daddy. And Tutilo and Arthur need your help too. ” In her sweet voice, my daughter summed up the two Grand Challenges facing wildlife conservation in the 21st century. Challenge 1 ) To stop the precipitous drop of wildlife populations, like lions and giraffes, throughout East Africa. Challenge 2 ) To create opportunities for students, like Arthur and Tutilo, to attain Ph.D. degrees in wildlife conservation in East Africa so that they don't have to leave their home, their family, and their friends. When I say that these are Grand Challenges I mean that they are extremely complex and difficult issues to solve.

​Giraffe and lion populations have reduced by half in just the last 15 years. There are now less than 75,000 giraffes and less than 25,000 lions remaining in Africa. While these populations are dropping rapidly, it is important to note that we are in no risk of losing species like giraffes or lions from the world. Zoos have demonstrated their masterful capability to maintain studbooks for each species of interest, along with an accompanying Species Survival Plan which determines how best to combine genetic pools from captive facilities across the world to maintain healthy, and non in-bred, animals. So if you are a person that is fine having access to interesting animals in a zoo, then there is really nothing more that we need to do. We are good. If instead, you are person that needs to know, even if you never experience it first-hand, that a lion’s roar still echoes across a valley in some distant land, then now is the time to act. If we fail to act now, these dramatic population declines will continue to progress and we will lose these iconic species from the wild.

Because there are no PhD-level training programs in wildlife conservation in East Africa, students with a passion to preserve animal populations need to go abroad to attain their terminal degree. It is remarkable that the East African region, widely considered to be the veritable Eden for large mammals, is devoid of advanced educational research and training opportunities for students that intend to devote their careers to wildlife conservation.

My responsibility as the Director of the RECaP Laboratory is to find solutions to these Grand Challenges . And the quest for these solutions takes me abroad. With the power of collaborative partnerships with organizations such as Makerere University, Giraffe Conservation Foundation, and Uganda Wildlife Authority I can envision what these solutions might look like. This trip will help to refine that vision.

The bags are packed and it is almost time to go. Graduate students Steve, Kyle, Leandro, and Rem are writing-up their research projects preparing manuscripts for peer-reviewed publications. Undergraduate students Clara, Mollie, Waldemar, and Mikki and collating  new data for analysis looking for solutions to some the most important conservation issues across the world. These are the students that will be 'holding down the fort' while I am in the field. Tutilo and Arthur, two more of RECaP's graduate students, are already in the field. Specifically, they are having an amazing time in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda studying lions and giraffes, respectively. Tutilo, along with partners at the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA), is working to describe the movements of lions in relation to a variety of human-caused disturbances including snares, vehicles, and oil development. Arthur is assisting the Giraffe Conservation Foundation and UWA in an incredible large-scale giraffe translocation project. Rothchild's giraffes are the most endangered subspecies of giraffe in Africa with a population that hovers around 1,000 individuals. As such, these animals desperately need help if we are to have them on earth in future. One of the last spots where they exist is in northwestern Uganda where for the last 100 years (maybe more, maybe less) these animals have been trapped north of the source of the Nile River. Giraffe Conservation Foundation will shortly change that. Arthur is helping to capture, fit with GPS collars, and relocate 20 giraffes to fruitful habitat south of the Nile. You can imagine what an undertaking this will be.

I am ready to be in the field with Arthur and Tutilo, to assist in their incredibly-exciting and important research projects. I am ready to collaborate with our partners in GCF and UWA so that we can sit down and talk about the pressing conservation issues at hand and the novel and original solutions that are just beyond our grasp. I am ready to meet friends at Makerere University in Kampala to continue our conversations of how we can work to train the next generation of wildlife conservation leaders in Africa.

By helping in efforts to restore giraffes to habitat where they have not existed for a century or by working to decrease the human disturbance of lions, RECaP strives to recapture some balance in the relationships of humans, wildlife, and wild places. If you have interest in this work, please check back to this site. Make a good cup of coffee, snuggle into your most comfortable arm chair, and prepare yourself for a thrilling read of this exciting research in real time. We will keep you informed of our efforts via my own chronicles (The Director's Cut) as well as our field correspondences maintained by our student community (Notes from the Field). Thanks for being part of RECaP!